Latent profiles of masculine norm adherence among U.S. and U.K. fathers: Associations with mental health and father–child relationship quality.

Abstract

Traditional masculine norms shape the well-being of fathers and how they care for their children. This study used latent profile analysis to identify distinct configurations of these masculine norms. The sample consisted of 740 fathers (Mage = 40.00 years, SD = 7.83 years) of mostly White (68%), Black (18%), or Asian ethnicity (5%), with children aged 5–12 years. The latent profile analysis revealed four distinct configurations of traditional masculine norm conformity: balanced conformers (39% of sample; average or very close to average scores across all dimensions), traditionalist status-seekers (37% of sample; high conformity to norms related to achievement, status, and traditional gender ..